ICAI's communication on being invited by PM for Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan

Nomination of ICAI for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan by Hon'ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi. - (26-12-2014)

ICAI Press Release

To take part in the cleanliness drive to mark "Good Governance Day" the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi visited Varanasi on Dec 25’14. During the visit, Hon'ble Prime Minister nominated the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in addition to other personalities and organisations.

While announcing the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan on October 2, 2014, Hon’ble Prime Minister had nominated few eminent personalities to take forward this campaign.

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CA.K.Raghu, President, ICAI said “We are extremely honoured to receive this nomination from the Hon'ble Prime Minister. It is for the first time that any professional body has been nominated by the Prime Minister for Swach Bharat Abhiyan. I accept the nomination on behalf of the entire CA fraternity.”

Highlights of the ICAI Contribution in the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan would be:

1. To have special cleanliness drive in all offices, branches, ITT Centres, reading rooms, library, auditoriums etc.
2. Awareness campaigns through the vast network of 5 regional councils and 147 branches.
3. Constitution of special dedicated committees, promoting paperless environment.
4. Raising awareness through competitions, walkathons and workshops.
5. Organizing Swachhata Saptah – Cleanliness Week.
Fixation of sufficient number of waste bins with slogans and encourage people/staff/visitors to use them.

Raghu added “It is an honour that while reviewing the progress of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in Varanasi, Hon’ble Prime Minister has nominated ICAI among others.”

The members & students of ICAI are spread across the country and will play a vital role in taking this initiative of the Prime Minister forward and make a success of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. ICAI is committed to be truly a Partner in Nation building.

Source - ICAI

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How GST will impact India

Image Courtesy: Financial Express

With the Centre and states finally reaching a consensus on the contours of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), India is all set to roll out the largest indirect tax reform since the introduction of the value-added tax in 2005. Finance minister Arun Jaitley is expected to table the Constitution Amendment Bill in the current session of Parliament to meet the deadline of April 1, 2016, for its introduction. Surabhi explains the structure and benefits of the tax.


What is GST? What does it replace?
As the name suggests, the GST will be levied both on goods (manufacturing) and services. It will convert the country into unified market, replacing most indirect taxes with one tax. It would have a dual structure — a Central component levied and collected by the Centre and a state component administered by states.

At the Central level, it will subsume Central excise duty, service tax and additional customs duties while at the state level it will include value-added tax, entertainment tax, luxury tax, lottery taxes and electricity duty. Central sales tax (CST) will be completely phased out. Entry tax or octroi would be subsumed from the start. But state taxes on petroleum products will continue for a few years after GST is introduced, as per the deal brokered between the Centre and states on Monday. State taxes on alcohol and tobacco, too, would remain.

As with VAT, the tax will be charged on each stage of value addition. At each stage, a supplier can off-set the levy through a tax credit mechanism. This means, the consumer pays GST added on by only the last dealer in the supply chain.

The rate for GST is as yet undecided, but it would be in a range that would make exports competitive. A sub-committee of the Empowered Committee of state finance ministers had proposed revenue-neutral rates (RNR) for the Central and state components at 12.77 per cent and 13.91 per cent, respectively, taking the effective GST rate to 26.88 per cent. This is much stiffer than the 14-16 per cent in most countries as well as the recommendation of a taskforce of the Thirteenth Finance Commission of 12 per cent (7 per cent for state GST and 5 per cent for central GST).

Why do states fear they will lose revenue? How much do the states expect to lose?

For instance, states earn nearly 50 per cent of revenues from levies on petroleum products. Concerns have mounted over potential losses due to subsuming of state levies into GST. States have raised concerns of revenue loss due to the phase out of the CST, which they have pegged at
Rs 34,000 crore.

On a theoretical level, RNR for GST would ensure that there are no losses to either the state or the Centre. Indirect tax collections are in fact expected to go up on the back of better tax compliance under the regime.

But as a sweetener, the Centre has agreed to include a provision on compensation for a period of three years on losses arising out of GST to states in the Constitution amendment Bill. Jaitley has also promised Rs 11,000 crore to states as CST compensation in this fiscal. Further, to give fiscal autonomy to states, the Centre will collect taxes from traders having a turnover of over Rs 1.5 crore while the states will tax those having a turnover between Rs 25 lakh and Rs 1.5 crore.

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Will states not charge octroi after GST is introduced?

All entry taxes, including octroi will be subsumed in GST from the start as they have a cascading impact. However, since it is estimated to account for nearly 14 per cent of the total tax collections by states of Rs 3,50,000 crore, the Centre has agreed for a special dispensation allowing states to levy an additional 1 per cent tax in lieu of entry tax.

How does the economy and the corporate sector in particular benefit from GST?

The rationale behind GST is that it simplifies the indirect tax regime with a single tax. A study by the National Council of Applied Economic Research estimated that roll out of the tax would boost the GDP growth by anywhere between 0.9-1.7 per cent. A Crisil report had also said GST was the best way to mobilise revenue and reduce the fiscal deficit. Removal of cascading taxes makes the manufacturing sector more competitive and cut down on the tax compliance burden.

What does it mean for the consumer?

With cascading taxes gone, over a period of time the lower tax burden would translate into lower prices for goods, which is of course, dependent on what the GST rate would be.

(Source: Financial Express)

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Companies Act Amendment to Facilitate Ease of Doing Business passed in Loksabha

The Lok Sabha Wednesday passed the Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2014, after Corporate Affairs Minister Arun Jaitley told the house that some of the original provisions were only posing hurdles to doing business in the country.

"The object of these amendments is solely to ease the process of doing business in India. None of them have any ulterior motive," Jaitley, who also holds the finance portfolio, said replying to the debate on amending the Companies Act, 2013.

"Some of its provisions would have made doing business in India extremely difficult and the investment environment in the country would be disrupted by such a law," he added.
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Under the new norms proposed, the paid-up capital criteria has been scrapped while threshold limits for various transactions for getting shareholders' nod has now been stipulated.

Another amendment approves prescribing specific punishment for deposits accepted, a condition that was left out in the act inadvertently, the ministry said.

Towards meeting a "corporate demand," an amendement proposes "prohibiting public inspection of Board resolutions filed in the registry".

Among the major concerns of stateholders were protecting confidentiality of board resolutions, as well as the provision of auditors being required to report suspected frauds at the companies audited by them.

Stakeholders were also concerned that stringent regulations for related party transactions, or those transactions between the company and another in which a board member or members are interested, could hurt routine business activity.

The amendment also proposes to exempt corporates from the need to get shareholders' nod in the case of related party transactions valued lower than Rs 100 crore or 10 percent of net worth.

Under the old system, shareholders' permission through a special resolution was required in case of related party transactions for all firms with a paid up capital of Rs 10 crore or more.

Another amendment exempts related party transactions between holding companies and wholly owned subsidiaries from the requirement of approval of non-related shareholders.

(Source: ToI and Zee News)

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10 Things You Want To Know About GST

Image Courtesy: Khabarindia.com

The government may initiate steps for one of the country's biggest economic reforms by introducing a bill that seeks to amend the constitution to create a harmonised Goods and Services Tax (GST). Here is your 10-point cheat-sheet to this big story:


1. The GST provides a major taxation reform by introducing a national sales tax that will replace a myriad of overlapping state duties that deter investment.

2. The cabinet last evening approved a constitutional amendment bill that allows for this.

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3. The draft legislation is expected to be introduced in the current parliamentary session which concludes next week. Four working days remain for the winter session.

4. Investors and manufacturers have long advocated the GST as a way to simplify taxes while broadening the tax base, adding as much as 2 percentage points to economic growth in Asia's third-largest economy.

5. Some of India's 29 states were reluctant to give their assent for fear of revenue losses. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley brokered a compromise on Monday, offering to compensate the states for any loss of revenues following the implementation of the GST.

6. The government aims to bring the tax into effect from April 1, 2016.

7. But the bill may not be cleared in this session of parliament. It could be taken up for debate in the Budget session which will begin in February.

8. Since the bill seeks to amend the constitution, it needs to be cleared by a two-third majority of both houses of parliament. The government will face no problem in the Lok Sabha, where it has huge numbers, but it is in a minority in the Rajya Sabha and will need the opposition's support.

9. The proposal will then have to be cleared by at least half of the country's state legislatures before it becomes a law.

10. GST will replace a number of indirect taxes currently levied by both the Central and State Governments and seeks to provide a common national market for goods and services. Once in force, GST will reduce the total number of indirect taxes apart from the customs duty (only on imported goods) to just three.

(Source: NDTV)

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Cabinet tweaks Companies Act, relaxes norms for doing business

Within months of the new Companies Act coming into force, the government today cleared a slew of changes to this law to make it easier for corporates to do business and to ensure severe punishment for those raising illegal deposits from the public. This would be among the first major initiatives by the government to make changes in the country's regulatory framework to improve its global ranking for ease of doing business, where India has been ranked very low at 142nd position in the latest World Bank report. 

The 14 proposed amendments, which were approved by the Union cabinet this evening, also include provision to ensure that frauds beyond a certain threshold would need to be mandatorily reported by the auditors to the government. To address concerns raised by the corporates, the government has also agreed to relax a number of norms including those pertaining to related party transactions, while resolutions passed by the companies' boards would not be subjected to public inspection.

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The new Companies Act, which came into force with effect from 1 April with some provisions yet to become operational, has faced stiff criticism for many provisions. The new law, put in place by the previous government, has replaced a nearly six-decade old Companies Act, 1956, but the new government has been indicating for quite some time that it would bring in necessary changes to address concerns raised by various stakeholders including corporates

The Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2014, cleared by Union cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, would now go to the Parliament to bring into effect necessary amendments to the existing Act. The Companies Act, 2013 was notified on 29 August 2013. Out of 470 sections in the Act, 283 sections and 22 sets of Rules corresponding to such sections have so far been brought into force. The government said in a statement that these amendments have been proposed to address issues raised by stakeholders such as chartered accountants and professionals. To improve ease of doing business, the proposed amendments include omitting requirement for minimum paid up share capital, and consequential changes and making common seal optional, and consequential changes for authorization for execution of documents. Besides, specific punishment will be prescribed for non-compliance to norms governing deposits taking activities. Such a provision was "left out in the (existing) Act inadvertently". Enabling provisions are being put in to prescribe thresholds beyond which fraud shall be reported to the Central government, while cases below this threshold will be reported to the audit committee of the company's board. Disclosures for both the categories would need to be made in the board's report, the government said, while adding that this provision has been made at the demand of auditors. Besides loans given by a company to wholly owned subsidiaries and guarantees/securities on loans taken from banks by subsidiaries, would be exempted from the purview of related party transactions. "This was provided under the Rules but being included in the Act as a matter of abundant caution," the government said. In another major step, it has been proposed to replace "special resolution with ordinary resolution for approval of related party transactions by non-related shareholders. This would address "problems faced by large stakeholders who are related parties," the government said. Besides, related party transactions between holding companies and wholly owned subsidiaries have been exempted from the requirement of approval of non-related shareholders. Further, the government has decided to prohibit public inspection of a company's board resolutions filed in the Registry and would include provision for writing off past losses/ depreciation before declaring dividend for the year. Besides, the audit committee of a company would be empowered to "give omnibus approvals for related party transactions on annual basis". This would also align provisions of the Act with that of capital market regulator Sebi's policy. Taking into consideration the demand of corporates, the government would rectify the requirement of transferring equity shares for which unclaimed/unpaid dividend has been transferred to the IEPF (Investor Education and Protection Fund) even though subsequent dividend has been claimed.

In addition, the winding up of companies would be heard by a two-member instead of three-member bench. Among others,"bail restrictions to apply only for offence relating to fraud under section 447 of the Act. Enabling provisions to prescribe thresholds beyond which fraud shall be reported to the Central government (below the threshold, it will be reported to the Audit Committee). Another amendment is to ensure that special courts would try only offences carrying imprisonment of two years or more so that minor violations can be taken care by magistrates.

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IPC May 2014 Results Stats, Rankers and Press Release by ICAI

August 21, 2014

PRESS RELEASE

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) today announced the result of Chartered Accountants Intermediate (IPC) Examination held in May / June 2014.

Announcing the result, CA.K.Raghu, President ICAI said, “I convey my heartiest congratulations to the top 3 rank holders and all other students who have been able to clear the exam. It is indeed a matter of pride that this time too a girl candidate has topped the IPC exam. I would like to add that this success will offer them a wide horizon to maneuver their professional graph to scale new heights of fame and success”

The topper Geethika Haridas from Bangalore whose parents are CAs was a science student in the school who later opted for CA Course. Gaurav Anand from Secunderabad, the 2nd rank holder has made his mother proud who has raised him single handedly and has become a source of inspiration for his younger sibling. S. Agathiswaran the 3rd rank holder who hails from Vellore is the son of a CA and his father has been a source of inspiration for him to reach this threshold.
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CA.K. Raghu, added “ CA profession today is being taken up by many students as there are plenty of opportunities available for Chartered Accountants. The cost of CA course is highly affordable and is less than Rs.25,000. We have many instances of students coming from humble background, taking up this course and changing their lives completely”.

The top three rank holders of Chartered Accountants Intermediate (IPC) Examination are from Bangalore, Secunderabad and Vellore. The result details of the Chartered Accountants Intermediate (IPC) Examination in terms of pass percentage and details along with the marks secured by the top rank holders are mentioned below - 

The ICAI has always been pro-active in designing education and training schemes so as to produce competent professional Chartered Accountants. To facilitate the students, ICAI has recently launched Cloud Campus which is first of its kind in accounting education .

CA.K. Raghu, said “The main objective of Cloud Campus is to provide quality education at the doorsteps of students, enabling them to learn anytime and from anywhere at the click of a button and that too Free of Cost. The Cloud campus links 6 portals for easy access. It also provides online practical exam oriented lectures free of charge and enables students to receive knowledge of the profession through online mentoring by experienced faculty members and experts”.

Considering the remarkable growth of students, ICAI has been establishing Reading Rooms at various locations across the country. Till date 98 reading rooms ICAI have been established across the country.

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Download Sample Resumes / Curriculum Vitae ( C.V. ) and Cover Letter for CA Articleship and Job application

The post is being updated on regular basis, whenever we find an attractive resume.
[Last updated on 03/12/2013]

Often while searching for a Job or internship, we visit many organizations. In today's time it is so important to carry a Resume/C.V. with us while appearing for an interview has become an indispensable part of a job search. A good and organized resume gives a good impression of yours in the organization, you want yourself to be employed or trained.

PROCEDURE AFTER PASSING IPCC (HOW TO APPLY FOR ARTICLESHIP & CA FINAL )

Sample Resumes:

Download Resume (C.V.) specifically prepared for ARTICLESHIP APPLICATION (17 kb)

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Below are some Google Docs (Google Drive) resume templates created by us. Please see this post after logging in with your google account (Click here to log in with your google account), then only you will be able to see "google drive" templates, which you can edit by clicking on "use this template" and edit the way you want. Afterwards download it in your PC or just save it in your google drive.

Download various sample resumes in .zip file including 32 sample resumes (340 kb) 

Or If you didn't like above sample then click on below Resumes samples to download-

1. Sample Resume Template 

2. Sample Chronological Resume Template with Tips

3. Sample Chronological Resume Template

4. Sample Formal Resume Template

5. Sample Classic Resume Template

6. Sample Executive Resume Template

7. Sample Functional Resume Template with Tips

8. Sample Functional Resume Template

9. Sample Modern Resume Template

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Guidelines for IPCC Pass-Outs (Applying For Articleship & Registration For CA Final)

We at CA helpers believe in helping others and thats what our name as well as tag-line also suggests. We are of the opinion that helping is our religion. In order to help all IPCC passouts and New students who have done B.Com (direct entry route) and existing articled assistants, we have brought so many things. But to help you in efficient way, we are listing those posts at one place. Thanks for your support...


CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD RESUME (C.V.) FOR ARTICLESHIP APPLICATION

As such there is no due date to apply for articleship and CA Final. But If you want to get your attempt in the due attempt itself, i.e. 3 years from the attempt of IPCC G-1 clearance (eg. For Nov. 2012 attempt passout - due attempt will be Nov. 2015) then apply for articleship and CA Final before 30th April (Nov. attempt passouts)/31st October (May attempt passouts). But it is advisable to get register and get franking/stampping done,in one month from the day of announcement of result.

PRACTICE TO BE FOLLOWED FOR  ARTICLESHIP & CA FINAL-

1. Search the Appropriate Firm

WHAT IS GOOD FIRM? WHAT TO SEE BEFORE APPLYING FOR ARTICLESHIP? (CLICK HERE TO READ)

=> Our advice to all of you to go for the medium firm.

=> Which gives you exposure in all kind of traditional and modern CA works.

=> Leave for exams will be given as per your requirement (Better to define these boundaries before starting articleship)=> You can attend classes daily=> Less outstations

If you are going for in Big4 then you may have to sacrifice classes and leaves.


Importantly, we are just expressing our views, you may have a different opinion. Its just an advice to our fans.


Search Firms for articleship

ARTICLESHIP FIRM SEARCH ENGINE across the India

2. What to be kept in mind

Try to join the firm of person who is known to you, or where any of your known person has done articleship. As many firms are very strict for outstations, leaves and extension. That may be a problem if you are not defining terms of your employment (articleship) before starting the articleship.



3. MOST MOST IMPORTANTLY

Many people, fill up the forms on very first day of articleship. This is a wrong practice. you will have to work in the particular climate for next 3 years, you must be at least comfortable with the environment of the particular office. First, Do work on trial in firm of your choice for 2-3 days.



4. FORMS and OTHER FORMALITIES

A) Forms Required for ARTICLESHIP

i. Form 102

To be purchased from ICAI chapter. It is necessary to get form 102 franked from a bank near by you with Rs. 100 stamp (remember only form 102 requires franking and franking is to be done within 1 month of exam result or you can extend this upto 30th April/31st oct., so as to make your attempt due on time). It is to be filled up by you and signed by your principal.

ii. Form 103

To be purchased from ICAI chapter. It is to be filled up by you and signed by your principal.

iii. Form 112

(Applicable to only, who are engaged in any other full time course with CA, i.e College or any business)

To be taken free of cost or from ICAI chapter (downloaded from here) . It is to be filled up by you and signed by your principal as well as your college's principal (B.Com pursuing students).


B)Form for registration in Final

To be purchased from ICAI chapter. It is to be filled up by you and signed by you.


5. Formalities

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FILL UP Form 102, 103 & 112(if applicable) and GET THEM SIGNED for starting articleship, must be done before 31st March / 31st October. After getting all forms duly filled and signed, SUBMIT the forms personally to ICAI branches or forward them by speed post to Region H.O.


You may download any forms relating to CA course (available online) @
http://cahelpers.blogspot.com/2011/06/all-ca-forms-at-one-place_1306.html

Regards,
Team CA helpers

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Articleship Search, Selection, Procedure - All at one place (One post for all articleship related issues)

Articleship is the most crucial part of CA course and one decision will govern your 3 years. This post is for all students who are going to start articleship or students already pursuing articleship having any problem.

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Amendments in syllabus of Paper 6: ISCA (CA Final) from November 2014 onward

As all of us are aware, the syllabus of Paper 6 : Information System Control and Audit (ISCA) has been revised, so as to make it in-line with the current requirement of the environment. The Study Material of this paper covering the theoretical framework in detail has also been revised, accordingly. Students are also advised officially by BoS to update themselves with the latest changes in the IT sector. For this, they may refer the monthly journal ‘The Chartered Accountant’ and the Students’ Journal published by the Institute and also other IT Journals/Magazines.

The syllabus have been changed almost 35%-40%, but students need not to worry, only irrelevant parts of the syllabus were removed, and the topics which are added newly are the one which are easy as well as practical concepts. There should not be much problem in learning new topics.a
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Chapter-wise coverage of this Study material is given as follows:

Chapter 1 CONCEPTS OF GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS:

Content: This Chapter of the study material is devoted to the discussion on concept of Governance and management of Information Systems. In addition, the role of IT in businesses, operations and controls, business impact of IS risks, role and responsibilities of top management as regards IT-GRC etc. have also been covered.

Notes to Students: This chapter is 85% new in terms of content in comparison with Old Syllabus. Some concepts, like COBIT framework and Risk Management which were there in Old Syllabus in some other chapters have been reshuffled to this chapter. Students are advised to study this chapter thoroughly from the new syllabus only.

Chapter 2 INFORMATION SYSTEMS CONCEPT:

Content: This Chapter deals with the basic concepts of Information System and its various types like MIS, DSS, TPS, EIS etc.

Notes to Students: This chapter is almost 95% similar to Chapter 1 of Old ISCA syllabus.

Chapter 3 PROTECTION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS:

Content: This Chapter discusses the protection of Information Systems. It highlights the importance of Information Security in today’s vulnerable IT world, its policies, related standards/guidelines and also provides a detailed discussion on IS Controls, their objectives and functions with reference to Information Systems. Understanding of these controls is essential to the Chartered Accountants to strengthen their ability for conducting IS Audit in any organization.

Notes to Students: This chapter is a modified version of Chapter 3 of old ISCA syllabus. Many of unwanted portions of the old chapter have been removed. Some of new concepts are introduced. Also some of the topics of old syllabus have been reshuffled into this chapter, like IS Policy, etc.

Chapter 4 BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLANNING AND DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING:

Content: This Chapter outlines Business Continuity Planning (BCP) and Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) along with its related concepts.

Notes to Students: This chapter is almost similar to BCP/DRP chapter of Old ISCA syllabus, but a new concept of Business Continuity Management (BCM) has been introduced. This chapter has been modified, so as to get it accommodate environmental and industrial changes. Students are advised to thoroughly study this chapter from new syllabus only.

Chapter 5 ACQUISITION, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS (SDLC):

Content: This Chapter deals with systems development process for an information system. Various stages of systems development life cycle are also discussed. In this chapter, students will also get an idea ‘how computerized business applications are conceived and designed’. Various tools and techniques of systems analysis and design and programming are also briefly covered in this Chapter.

Notes to Students: This chapter is almost 95% similar to Chapter 2 of Old ISCA syllabus. Students are advised not to worry in this chapter, it is almost similar to old syllabus SDLC.

Chapter 6 AUDITING OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
Content: This Chapter is devoted to the auditing of Information Systems. It highlights the IS Audit planning, performing an IS audit, rules of digital evidence, best practices and standards for IS audit etc. In addition, the chapter also emphasizes on the reviewing of General and Application Controls.

Notes to Students: This chapter is a combination of reshuffling of controls chapter topics and IS audit chapter of old ISCA syllabus. The students need not to worry much, and are advised to check the contents and devise a strategy to learn this chapter.

Chapter 7 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REGULATORY ISSUES

Content: This Chapter extensively deals with IT Regulatory issues. Along with a wide coverage of the relevant sections of IT Act 2000, other related regulatory issues e.g. need for system audit as per Clause 49 of SEBI listing requirements and audit requirements as per RBI, IRDA have also been discussed in the chapter.

Notes to Students: This chapter is 60% similar to IT Act of old ISCA syllabus, still students are advised to see the contents because, all Sections have been regrouped and rearranged in the new syllabus. In addition to it, Auditing and System Control procedure for regulation setup by (i) IRDA (Insurance Companies), (ii) RBI (Banks and NBFCs) and (iii) SEBI (Stock Exchanges and Stock Broking firms) have been introduced, which is altogether new concept for students. Students  are advised to learn these concepts thoroughly. Some of the concepts of IS Standards of Old syllabus have been reshuffled into this chapter.

Chapter 8 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Content: This Chapter is devoted to the emerging technologies. Major evolving technologies/concepts like Cloud Computing, Mobile Computing, BYOD, Web 2.0 & Social Media and Green IT etc. have been covered in this chapter to make the students familiar with such technological developments.

Notes to Students: This chapter is a WHOLE NEW learning dimension for students. Concepts like cloud computing, Mobile Computing, Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), Social Media, etc. have been introduced. Students are advised to thoroughly learn this chapter. It is very easy to understand and learn, the concepts are very practical, but the concepts are new to syllabus.

The above was summary analysis done by our team. Students are advised to study from UPDATED MODULES and PRACTICE MANUALS only. Students need not to panic and take the changes in positive way. These are not much tough to understand.

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